Email this article 
Viral respiratory infection in people with obesity – A review
Abstract
This review article focused on a statistical analysis of the obesity population’s viral infection rate and compared the effects from different viral respiratory infections, such as abnormal immune responses and hyperglycemia in the population with obesity. Obesity has become more prevalent in developed countries while still less in developing countries. People with obesity have higher adipose fat accumulation underneath the organ membrane and in-between tissues, which can lead to abnormal organ function and respiratory difficulties. Respiratory problems can exist in people with obesity that usually related to hypertension and dyslipidemia. Meanwhile, obesity downregulates many immune and metabolic responses in the body. Viruses like H1N1, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have pathological damages in the lung shared in common, in which a higher severity was observed in people with obesity. The review was done by an online article search from PubMed, Google Scholar, and NEMJ database to allocate potential case studies and review articles of our keyword criteria. The initial article search layout 206 articles related to obesity, respiratory, and virus in human studies carried out from 2000 to 2020. Further analysis has shown that 15 articles pointed out a clear relationship between obesity and viral infection. Influenza, MERS, and SARS coronaviruses reported a significantly higher infection rate in the population with obesity condition. However, there were inconsistent results regarding the relationship between obesity and pneumonia, in which pneumonia was observed in most viral respiratory infections. Comparing pathological evidence from obesity and SARS viral infections, both share in common on hyperglycemia and increase of ACE engagement, whether it is to increase blood pressure or increase virus entry. Obesity condition itself makes consequent treatments even more difficult. In suggestion, there is a need to conduct further extensive clinical studies on the people with obesity that are COVID-19 positive.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
NHS, N.C.f.H.S. Obesity and Overweight. 2016 [cited 2020 April 16]; Available from: https://www.cdc. gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight.htm.
Pi-Sunyer X. The medical risks of obesity. Postgrad Med 121: p. 21-33, 2009.
Andersen CJ, Murphy KE, Fernandez ML. Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity. Adv Nutrit (Bethesda, Md.) 7: p. 66-75, 2016.
Francisco V, et al.. Obesity, fat mass and immune system: Role for leptin. Front Physiol 9: p. 640, 2018.
Huang JF et al. Letter to the Editor: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome and severe COVID-19. Metabolism 108: p. 154249, 2020.
Mafort TT et al. Obesity: systemic and pulmonary complications, biochemical abnormalities, and impairment of lung function. Multidiscip Resp Med 11:28, 2016.
Honce R, Schultz-Cherry S. Impact of obesity on influenza A virus pathogenesis, immune response, and evolution. Frontiers Immunol 10:1071-1071, 2019.
Milner JJ, Beck MA. The impact of obesity on the
immune response to infection. Proc Nutr Soc 71:298-306, 2012.
Melo LC, Silva MA, Calles AC. Obesity and lung function: a systematic review. Einstein (Sao Paulo) 12(1):120-125, 2014.
Green WD, Beck MA. Obesity impairs the adaptive immune response to influenza virus. Ann Am Thora Soc 14(Supplement 5):S406-S409, 2017.
Almond M et al. Obesity and susceptibility to severe outcomes following respiratory viral infection. Thorax 68(7):684-686, 2013.
Hui DS et al. Human coronavirus infections—Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and SARS-CoV-2. Ref Module Biomed Sci B978-0-12-801238-3.11634-11634, 2020.
Fani M, Teimoori A, Ghafari S. Comparison of the COVID-2019 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections. Future Virol 10.2217/fvl-2020-0050, 2020.
Sell H et al. Adipose dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and obesity: correlation with insulin resistance and depot-specific release from adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Diabetes Care 36(12):4083-4090, 2013.
Auwaerter PMD. Coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). 2020.
Petrakis D et al. Obesity ‑ a risk factor for increased COVID‑19 prevalence, severity and lethality (Review). Molecular medicine reports, 2020. 22(1): p. 9-19.
Engin, A.B, Engin ED, Engin A. Two important controversial risk factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Obesity and smoking. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 78:103411-103411, 2020.
Mancuso, P., Obesity and respiratory infections: does excess adiposity weigh down host defense? Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2013. 26(4): p. 412-9.
Moser JS et al. Underweight, overweight, and obesity as independent risk factors for hospitalization in adults and children from influenza and other respiratory viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 13(1):3-9, 2019.
Charland KM et al. Relationship between community prevalence of obesity and associated behavioral factors and community rates of influenza-related hospitalizations in the United States. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 7(5):718-28, 2013.
Radovanovic D et al. An international perspective
on hospitalized patients with viral community-acquired pneumonia. Euro J Inter Med 60:54-70, 2019.
Martin ET, et al. Epidemiology of severe influenza outcomes among adult patients with obesity in Detroit, Michigan, 2011. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 2013. 7(6): p. 1004-7.
Cruz-Lagunas A et al. Obesity and pro-inflamma-tory mediators are associated with acute kidney injury in patients with A/H1N1 influenza and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 97(3):453-457, 2014.
Petrilli CM et al. Factors associated with hospitalization and critical illness among 4,103 patients with COVID-19 disease in New York City. Med Rxiv 2020.04.08.20057794, 2020.
Garg S et al. Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69, 2020.
Promotion, N.C.f.C.D.P.a.H. Defining Adult Overweight and Obesity. Adult Body Mass Index (BMI) 2020 April 3 2020 [cited 2020 June 4]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html.
Simonnet, A., et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity 28(7):1195-1199, 2020.
Kia'i N, Bajaj T. Histology, Respiratory Epithelium, in StatPearls. Stat Pearls Publishing Copyright © 2020, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL), 2020.
Anderson EJ. Respiratory infections. Cancer Treat Res 161:203-236, 2014.
van Doorn HR, Yu H. Viral respiratory infections. Hunter's Tropical Med Emerg Infect Dis 2020:284-288, 2020.
Mason RJ. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective. Eur Respirat J 55(4):2000607, 2020.
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), D.o.H.-C.P.a.P.D. Pathogenesis of pandemic influenza A (H1N1). IDPB’s Contributions 2012 December 7, 2012 [cited 2020 June 4]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dhcpp/idpb/ at-work/h1n1.html.
WHO. Obesity and overweight. 2020 [cited 2020 April 17]; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
Stacy Brethauer, M. Why is obesity a risk factor for severe COVID-19 symptoms? 2020 [cited 2020 April 17]; Available from: https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/blog/why-is-obesity-a-risk-factor-for-severe-covid19-symptoms.
Michalakis K, Ilias I. SARS-CoV-2 infection and obesity: Common inflammatory and metabolic aspects. Diabetes Metabol Synd 14(4): p. 469-471, 2020.
WHO. H1N1 Global Alert and Response. Weekly Virological Update on 05 August 2010 2010 [cited 2020 April17]; Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/disease/
swineflu/laboratory06_08_2010/en/.
Murphy R et al. Investigating obesity as a risk factor for influenza-like illness during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic using the Health Survey for England. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 11(1):66-73, 2017.
Cocoros NM, et al. Obesity as a risk factor for severe influenza-like illness. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 8(1):25-32, 2014.
Petrosillo N et al. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clin Microbiol Infect 26(6):729-734, 2020.
Chan JFW et al., Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 28(2):465-522, 2015.
Ilias I, Zabuliene L. Hyperglycemia and the novel Covid-19 infection: Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms. Med Hypoth 139:109699-109699, 2020.
Yang J-K, et al. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta
Diabetologica 47(3):193-199, 2010.
Zou X, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers Med 14(2):185-192 2020.
Martins-Chaves RR, Gomes CC, Gomez RS. Immunocompromised patients and coronavirus disease 2019: a review and recommendations for dental health care.
Brazilian Oral Res 34:e048, 2020.
Jia X, et al. Two things about COVID-19 might need attention. 2020, Preprints 2020020315, 2020.
WHO. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation Report – 88 2020 [cited 2020 April 17]; Available from:https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200417-sitrep-88-covid-191b6cccd 94f8b4f219377bff55719a6ed.pdf?sfvrsn=ebe78315_6.
Steiropoulos P, Bouros D. Obesity and pneumonia: A complex relationship. Pneumon 27:291-292, 2014.
Saghiri MA, Saghiri AM. In Memoriam: Dr. Hajar Afsar Lajevardi MD, MSc, MS (1955-2015). Iranian J Ped 27(1):1, 2017.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.